Add explicit CMake presets for Ubuntu 23.10 and update default presets to target Ubuntu 24.04

[abeltrano]

NOTE:

This moves the default CMake presets to Ubuntu 24.04. You must either upgrade your development environment to Ubuntu 24.04 (WSL, devcontainer, etc.), or explicitly select the newly introduced presets for Ubuntu 23.10, as shown below:

Type

• Bug fix
• Feature addition
• Feature update
• Documentation
• Build Infrastructure

Side Effects

• Breaking change
• Non-functional change

Goals

• Allow easy use of Ubuntu 23.10 as a development environment.
• Make Ubuntu 24.04 the target for the default configure, build, and packaging Linux CMake presets ([dev|relase|package]-linux).

Technical Details

• Add new hidden CMake presets linux-ubuntu-23.10 and linux-ubuntu-24.04 which define common options for their respective distributions, particularly the use of LLVM 17 on 23.10 and LLVM 18 on 24.04.
• Add new hidden CMake presets [dev|release]-linux-common which define common options for their respective build posture (development, release).
• Transition the default OS target to Ubuntu 24.04 for the default development, release, and packaging targets.

Test Results

• Built locally on 23.10 and validated everything worked.
• Built locally on 24.04 and validated everything worked.
• CI/CD run pending completion.

Reviewer Focus

• None

Future Work

• None

Checklist

• Build target all compiles cleanly.
• clang-format and clang-tidy deltas produced no new output.
• Newly added functions include doxygen-style comment block.