Q# runtime exceptions are not raised as Python exceptions

[tcNickolas]

Describe the bug
Python host code doesn't receive runtime exceptions thrown by Q# code it calls.

To Reproduce
Steps to reproduce the behavior:
Q# code:

namespace Quantum.CircuitPuzzle {
    operation ThrowEx() : Int {
        fail "Throwing exception";
    }
}

Python host code:

import qsharp
from Quantum.CircuitPuzzle import ThrowEx

try:
    ThrowEx.simulate()
    print("Didn't catch exception")
except Exception:
    print("Caught exception")

Expected behavior
Python catching exception and printing "Caught exception".

System information

• OS: Windows 11
• dotnet iqsharp --version = 0.19.2109165653

[cgranade]

Thanks for raising this, @tcNickolas! It shouldn't be too difficult to add an input handler to make sure that Q# failures are correctly propagated as Python exceptions; ideally, we would want to do so with compiler errors as well (#467).