Support writing hive style partitioned files in `DataFrame::write` command

[alamb]

Is your feature request related to a problem or challenge?

@Omega359 asked on discord: https://discord.com/channels/885562378132000778/1166447479609376850/1207458257874984970

Q: Is there a way to write out a dataframe to parquet with hive-style partitioning without having to create a table provider? I am pretty sure that a ListingTableProvider or a custom table provider will work but that seems like a ton of config for this

Describe the solution you'd like

I would like to be able to use DataFrame::write_parquet and the other APIs to write partitioned files

I suggest adding the table_partition_cols from ListingOptions as one of the options on https://docs.rs/datafusion/latest/datafusion/dataframe/struct.DataFrameWriteOptions.html

So way to specify partition information would be as described on ListingOptions::with_table_partition_cols

So that would look something like

let options = DataFrameWriteOptions::new()
  .with_table_partition_cols(vec![
      ("col_a".to_string(), DataType::Utf8),
  ]);

// write the data frame to parquet
// producing files like
// /tmp/my_table/col_a=foo/12345.parquet (data with 'foo' in column a)
// ..
// /tmp/my_table/col_a=zoo/12345.parquet (data with 'zoo' in column a)
df.write_parquet("/tmp/my_table", &options, None).await?

Describe alternatives you've considered

No response

Additional context

Possibly related to #8493

[devinjdangelo]

Dataframe::write_parquet and related methods use the COPY logical/ physical plans under the hood, so if we knock out #8493 this ticket should come almost for free.

[devinjdangelo]

I went ahead and implemented this and #8493 in #9240. Let me know if it looks good to you @alamb .

[alamb]

@devinjdangelo implemented the code in #9240

In order to close this ticket we just need to add test coverage for writing partitioned parquet in DataFrame::write_parquet

My suggestion is:

1. Move the existing tests https://github.com/apache/arrow-datafusion/blob/4d389c2590370d85bfe3af77f5243d5b40f5a222/datafusion/core/src/datasource/physical_plan/parquet/mod.rs#L2070 tests into the dataframe tests https://github.com/apache/arrow-datafusion/blob/main/datafusion/core/tests/dataframe/mod.rs
2. Add a new test in https://github.com/apache/arrow-datafusion/blob/main/datafusion/core/tests/dataframe/mod.rs following the same model, to verify the parquet files were written:

The new test could basically do the same thing as the tests added in
https://github.com/apache/arrow-datafusion/pull/9240/files#diff-b7d6c89870d082cac4ecc6de05f2ec393559327472fc4a846986f02c812f661fR34

1. write to a partitioned table
2. read back from the table to ensure all data went there
3. Read back from one of the partitions to ensure the data was actually partitioned