[Python] Move setuptools-scm configuration to pyproject.toml

[jorisvandenbossche]

Nowadays setuptools-scm recommends to use pyproject.toml for configuration: https://github.com/pypa/setuptools_scm#pyprojecttoml-usage, while we still use setup(use_scm_version=..) in setup.py.

[anjakefala]

One challenge is that our use_scm_version call definitely has Python callables. And if you want to pass Python callables, it seems setup.py is the route.

 491     use_scm_version={                                                                                                                                             
 492         'root': os.path.dirname(setup_dir),                                                                                                                       
 493         'parse': parse_git,                                                                                                                                       
 494         'version_file': os.path.join(scm_version_write_to_prefix,                                                                                                 
 495                                  'pyarrow/_generated_version.py'),                                                                                                
 496         'version_scheme': guess_next_dev_version                                                                                                                  
 497     },