Upgrade our Devcontainer to Python 3.12 on Debian bookworm

[cclauss]

Describe your change:

Repeats #9578

• Add an algorithm?
• Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
• Documentation change?

Checklist:

• I have read CONTRIBUTING.md.
• This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
• I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
• This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
• All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
• All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
• All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
• All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python type hints.
• All functions have doctests that pass the automated testing.
• All new algorithms include at least one URL that points to Wikipedia or another similar explanation.
• If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the description above includes the issue number(s) with a closing keyword: "Fixes #ISSUE-NUMBER".

[algorithms-keeper]

Closing this pull request as invalid

@cclauss, this pull request is being closed as the files submitted contains an invalid extension. This repository only accepts Python algorithms. Please read the Contributing guidelines first.

Invalid files in this pull request: .devcontainer/Dockerfile

[dhruvmanila]

Oh, the ACCEPTED_EXTENSIONS doesn't work like that, sorry didn't realize what you were trying to do.

[cclauss]

I cannot yet brew install python@3.12 and I needed a Py3.12 environment to fix #9581 but I will just keep doing GHA builds to get that green.